You will know you have found the right therapist if you feel comfortable talking to them. You may have to meet with several therapists before you find the right one. The Healthline FindCare tool can provide options in your area if you need help finding a therapist. Discover how cognitive behavioral therapy can help with the management of bipolar disorder by replacing negative reactions with objective responses.
Interpersonal therapy focuses on the connection between your personal relationships and your depression. Learn more about this approach to treatment…. Does type 2 diabetes put you at a higher risk for depression? Here's what you need to know, including how to identify symptoms and plan for treatment. Panic disorder occurs when you live in fear of a panic attack. A panic attack can result in sudden, overwhelming terror with no obvious cause.
Post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD is a condition that occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. The event may involve a real or…. Bipolar disorder, formerly called manic depression, causes extreme mood shifts ranging from mania to depression. We explain the symptoms, diagnosis….
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Legg, Ph. Who can benefit from behavioral therapy? In these examples, working and studying are behaviors that are motivated by money, benefits, and good grades, which are positive reinforcers. According to Lewinsohn, people with depression are those who do not know how to cope with the fact that they are no longer receiving positive reinforcements like they were before.
For example, a child who has moved to a new home and has lost touch with old friends might not have the social skills necessary to easily make new friends and could become depressed. Similarly, a man who has been fired from his job and has trouble finding a new job might become depressed.
In addition, people with depression typically have a heightened state of self-awareness about their lack of coping skills. This often leads them to criticize themselves and to withdraw from other people. They may avoid social events and get even less positive reinforcement than before. To make matters worse, some people with depression become positively reinforced for acting depressed when family members and social networks take pity on them and provide them with special support because they are "sick".
For example, some spouses may take pity on their partners with depression. They may start to do their chores for them, while the person with depression lays in bed. If the person with depression was not thrilled to be doing those chores in the first place, remaining depressed so as to avoid having to do those chores might start to seem rewarding. Research suggests that Lewinsohn's theory explains the development of depression for some individuals, but not for all.
Quite often these negative thoughts will persist even in the face of contrary evidence. Alloy et al. These results indicate there may be a link between cognitive style and development of depression. However such a study may suffer from demand characteristics. The results are also correlational. It is important to remember that the precise role of cognitive processes is yet to be determined. The maladaptive cognitions seen in depressed people may be a consequence rather than a cause of depression.
Martin Seligman proposed a cognitive explanation of depression called learned helplessness. As a consequence they become passive and will endure aversive stimuli or environments even when escape is possible. A dog put into a partitioned cage learns to escape when the floor is electrified.
If the dog is restrained whilst being shocked it eventually stops trying to escape. Dogs subjected to inescapable electric shocks later failed to escape from shocks even when it was possible to do so. Moreover, they exhibited some of the symptoms of depression found in humans lethargy, sluggishness, passive in the face of stress and appetite loss. This led Seligman to explain depression in humans in terms of learned helplessness, whereby the individual gives up trying to influence their environment because they have learned that they are helpless as a consequence of having no control over what happens to them.
Abramson, Seligman, and Teasdale consequently introduced a cognitive version of the theory by reformulating learned helplessness in term of attributional processes i. The depression attributional style is based on three dimensions, namely locus whether the cause is internal - to do with a person themselves, or external - to do with some aspect of the situation , stability whether the cause is stable and permanent or unstable and transient and global or specific whether the cause relates to the 'whole' person or just some particular feature characteristic.
In this new version of the theory, the mere presence of a negative event was not considered sufficient to produce a helpless or depressive state. Instead, Abramson et al. This is because the former attributional style leads people to the conclusion that they are unable to change things for the better.
Gotlib and Colby found that people who were formerly depressed are actually no different from people who have never been depressed in terms of their tendencies to view negative events with an attitude of helpless resignation.
This suggests that helplessness could be a symptom rather than a cause of depression. Moreover, it may be that negative thinking generally is also an effect rather than a cause of depression. Humanists believe that there are needs that are unique to the human species. According to Maslow the most important of these is the need for self-actualization achieving out potential. The self actualizing human being has a meaningful life. Anything that blocks our striving to fulfil this need can be a cause of depression.
What could cause this? Abramson, L. Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation. Journal of abnormal psychology, 87 1 , Alloy, L. Depressogenic cognitive styles : Predictive validity, information processing and personality characteristics, and developmental origins.
Beck, A. Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Cognitions, attitudes and personality dimensions in depression. British Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy.
Brown, G. Social origins of depression: a reply. Psychological Medicine, 8 04 , Chodoff, P. The depressive personality: A critical review.
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