External factors also had a significant impact. The absence of a Soviet threat to the integrity and unity of Yugoslavia and its constituent parts meant that a powerful incentive for unity and cooperation was removed. Milosevic started as a banker in Belgrade and became involved in politics in the mids. He rose quickly through the ranks to become head of the Serbian Communist Party in While attending a party meeting in the Albanian-dominated province of Kosovo in May , Serbians in the province rioted outside the meeting hall.
Milosevic spoke with the rioters and listened to their complaints of mistreatment by the Albanian majority. His actions were extensively reported by Serbian-controlled Yugoslav mass media, beginning the process of transforming the former banker into the stalwart symbol of Serbian nationalism. Having found a new source of legitimacy, Milosevic quickly shored up his power in Serbia through control of the party apparatus and the press. He moved to strip the two autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina of their constitutionally-guaranteed autonomy within Serbia by using mass rallies to force the local leaderships to resign in favor of his own preferred candidates.
By mid Kosovo and Vojvodina had been reintegrated into Serbia, and the Montenegro leadership was replaced by Milosevic allies. The ongoing effects of democratization in Eastern Europe were felt throughout Yugoslavia.
As Milosevic worked to consolidate power in Serbia, elections in Slovenia and Croatia in gave non-communist parties control of the state legislatures and governments. The terrain was varied, with fertile plains in the north, limestone ranges in the east, mountains and hills predominantly in the southeast and a seaside, mainly in Croatia and Montenegro, but also in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia. The languages were all South Slavic, so people from different areas could understand each other.
Most of the population spoke Serbo-Croatian — over 12 million people. The Constitution granted national minorities and ethnic groups the right to their own language. Around half a million people used Hungarian, mainly in the north, and Italian was spoken in parts of Croatia. Serbo-Croatian was made up of three dialects: Shtokavian, Kajkavian and Chakavian. Two alphabets were used in Yugoslavia — the Latin alphabet and the Cyrillic script.
After , it became the official currency of three Yugoslav states. It was subdivided into para. It circulated alongside the Serbian dinar until the s, one dinar being equal 4 kronen. Each of the four republics then got their own currency Slovenian tolar, Croatian dinar, Macedonian denar and Bosnian dinar.
After , during the severe hyperinflation, people started using foreign strong currency such as Deutschmarks, to mitigate the problem. The highest banknote then printed was billion dinars. However, it quickly became completely worthless. In , Montenegro decided that the Deutsche Mark would be an official currency alongside the Yugoslav dinar.
In , when Yugoslavia stopped existing and got replaced with Serbia and Montenegro, the Serbian dinar was the official currency. Today, Montenegro and Slovenia have Euro as their official currency.
Croatia uses the Kuna, Bosnia and Herzegovina the Convertible Mark, while Macedonia and Serbia kept their previous currencies, the Macedonian denar and the Serbian dinar. When the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was first formed, there were still no laws regarding the national anthem.
As Bosnian Serb political leadership boycotted the independence, the Serbian forces attacked Bosnia leading to four years of brutal ethnic cleansing, genocide, and crimes against humanity all up until when the Dayton Agreement was signed.
The name Srebrenica has become synonymous with those dark days in July when, in the first ever United Nations declared safe area, thousands of men and boys were systematically murdered and buried in mass graves.
Email Address [email protected]. Facebook-f Twitter Instagram Youtube Linkedin. Pledge Support. The Breakup of Yugoslavia. In fact, at times, his relations with the USSR were quite frosty. At the same time, Tito maintained some ties to the West, whose aid helped his regime survive. Eventually, he devolved powers to the point that the country was held together only by him and his cult of personality.
The economy of Yugoslavia under Tito functioned differently than those of other communist states. Tito put his own stamp on communism by initiating a policy known as self-management. The result was rapid economic growth and a significant rise in the standard of living. Although workers controlled industries in Yugoslavia in theory, the reality was that full participatory democracy in the workplace was not able to take shape because of the monopoly of the Yugoslav Communist Party.
During his rule, Tito was able to keep nationalist sentiment under control, often using force to do so. He continuously promoted the ideology of Pan-Slavism, which the Yugoslav federation was supposed to exemplify. When Tito died in , however, the nationalism that he tried so hard to suppress began rising to the surface.
In , both Croatia and Slovenia voted to declare independence, unless a new deal could be reached on the reorganization of the federation that was amicable to all the republics.
But talks to salvage the federation failed. Croatia and Slovenia declared independence, triggering intervention by the federal Yugoslav army. Hostilities ended quickly in Slovenia, and an agreement was reached that allowed the country to control its own borders, though fighting in Croatia persisted. In , Serbia and Montenegro proclaimed the establishment of a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, composed only of their two countries.
Meanwhile, in the former Yugoslav Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a three-sided civil war was taking place between Serbs, Croats, and Muslims.
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